The Eurasian occurrence of the shovel-tusker<i>Konobelodon</i>(Mammalia, Proboscidea) as illuminated by its presence in the late Miocene of Pikermi (Greece)

Abstract

Presented here are the tetralophodont proboscidean remains from the late Miocene locality Pikermi (Attica, Greece). The study of the Pikermi tetralophodons and their comparison with other relevant specimens revealed that the late Miocene species ‘Tetralophodon’ atticus and ‘Mastodon’ grandincisivus are synonymous. The morphological characters of the Pikermi specimens, as well as of those attributed to ‘Mastodon’ grandincisivus, are consistent with the North American shovel-tusker Amebelodon (Konobelodon). However, generic rank revision of Konobelodon is deemed appropriate. The observed differences between the type species Konobelodon britti and the Pikermi tetralophodon indicate that the latter belongs to a distinct species, Konobelodon atticus. This species encompasses the Turolian tetralophodont shovel-tuskers from eastern Europe–western Asia. The paleogeographic distribution and biostratigraphy of Konobelodon atticus are discussed, as well as the evolution and the possible migrational scenarios of Konobelodon.