Transumbilical Multiport Laparoscopic Nephrectomy with Specimen Extraction through the Vagina

Abstract

TMLN with transvaginal specimen extraction is feasible and safe for married and parous female patients. This technique is a natural evolution towards natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES). By acting as an intermediate-type procedure, it provides a bridge through which NOTES may ultimately gain clinical acceptance.