METHODS FOR STUDYING FORCIPOMYIA MIDGES, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CACAO-POLLINATING SPECIES (DIPTERA, CERATOPOGONIDAE)

Abstract

The known pollinators of cacao are shown to belong to the subgenera Proforcipomyia and Thyridomyia of the genus Forcipomyia. Characters are presented for the recognition of larvae, pupae, and adults of members of these groups. The breeding grounds are reported for four potential pollinating species, which are described and figured in all stages. Methods of collecting, rearing, and studying these insects are given, including rearing on artificial cultures.