Early father's and mother's involvement and child's later educational outcomes

TLDR

Few studies have examined the distinct long‑term contributions of mothers and fathers to children’s schooling. This study investigates early father involvement on later educational attainment, its moderation by gender and family structure, and its dependence on mother involvement, using longitudinal data from the National Child Development Study. The analysis included 3,303 participants, measuring father and mother involvement at age 7 along with control, structural, and child factors to predict school‑leaving qualification by age 20. Father and mother involvement at age 7 independently predicted educational attainment by age 20, with no stronger effect for sons, no greater importance when mother involvement was low, and no weakening of the association in non‑intact families; early father involvement thus serves as a protective factor against low attainment.

Abstract

Few studies have investigated the individual long-term contributions that mothers and fathers make to their children's schooling.(1) To explore the role of early father involvement in children's later educational attainment independently of the role of early mother involvement and other confounds, (2) to investigate whether gender and family structure moderate the relationship between father's and mother's involvement and child's educational attainment, and (3) to explore whether the impact of father's involvement depends on the level of mother's involvement.The study used longitudinal data from the National Child Development Study. The initial sample were those 7,259 cohort members with valid data on mother involvement at age 7, father involvement at age 7, and school-leaving qualification by age 20. Of those, 3,303 were included in the final analysis.The measures were control variables, structural factors (family structure, sibship size and residential mobility), child factors (emotional/behavioural problems, cognitive ability and academic motivation), and father's and mother's involvement.Father involvement and mother involvement at age 7 independently predicted educational attainment by age 20. The association between parents' involvement and educational attainment was not stronger for sons than for daughters. Father involvement was not more important for educational attainment when mother involvement was low rather than high. Not growing up in intact two-parent family did not weaken the association between father's or mother's involvement and educational outcomes.Early father involvement can be another protective factor in counteracting risk conditions that might lead to later low attainment levels.