Archives of Internal Medicine · 1977 · 208 citations · 23 references
Public HealthGeriatric MedicineEpidemiologySubstance Use DisordersWomen's HealthAlcohol DependenceAlcohol Use DisorderAlcohol Use EpidemiologySex Differences In HealthAlcohol-related MorbidityAlcoholic Liver Disease ProgressionHazardous DrinkingIllness BehaviorLiver Disease ComplicationsMorbidity InvestigationSex Differences In MorbiditySocial Class Variation
The physical disease profiles of 135 female and 736 male inpatient alcoholics, similar in age, social class, and referral pattern, were compared to further clarify the widespread clinical impression that female alcoholics are more illness-prone. Although the women had been drinking hazardously for fewer years, at admission the prevalence of most diseases was similar in men and women. There was, however, an excess of anemia in women and of fatty liver and chronic obstructive lung disease in men. Furthermore, the average duration of hazardous drinking before the first recorded occurrence of almost all illness events was shorter in women, the sex differences being statistically significant for fatty liver, hypertension, obesity, anemia, malnutrition, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, and an ulcer requiring surgery. These findings suggest that the development of physical morbidity in relation to hazardous drinking may be accelerated in women.
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Social Class and Mental Illness
Raymond G. Hunt, August B. Hollingshead, Frederick C. Redlich · The American Journal of Psychology · 1959 · 3.3K citations
A. Balfour Sclare · British Journal of Addiction to Alcohol & Other Drugs · 1970 · 102 citations
Prolonged Ethanol Consumption Increases Testosterone Metabolism in the Liver
Emanuel Rubin, Charles S. Lieber, Kurt I. Altman et al. · Science · 1976 · 96 citations