The New Paradigm of Science Suitable for the 21st Century

Abstract

Abstract The work has a strictly theoretical character. It concerns a new, proposed paradigm of science, or more generally, also culture. What should it be like? First, above all, humanistic, putting in the centre of attention a personal man. And cultural - in a double meaning: 1) taking into account the socio-cultural examined facts and processes, 2) because it is impossible to separate the phenomenon of science from the field of culture. Cultural paradigm, which also takes into account the historical identity and traditions, respecting the cultural core of European civilization. Also not countercultural, not against civilization. The paradigm is to be finally systemic and holistic. This includes on the one hand, the overall treatment of a man (as a psycho-physical being; ontology) and the world, on the other hand, the avoidance of reductionism in research (methodology). We should not lose the aspect of time (temporal), relationships (relational), the context of events (contextual) and especially ethics, values (axiology) and evaluation. The author presents theoretical applications of the specified paradigm for the social sciences (selected subdisciplines of sociology), the field of education (pedagogy) and multi-disciplinary science (the science of physical culture, emerging science of tourism). Contrary to preserved till today the nineteenth-century institutional structure of science, the field of inter- and multidisciplinary sciences is what best meets the objectives of the new paradigm of science.