Effect of crop rotations and cultural practices on soil organic matter, microbial biomass and respiration in a thin Black Chernozem

TLDR

A long‑term study at Indian Head, Saskatchewan examined how crop rotations and cultural practices—fertilization, cropping frequency, green manuring, and grass‑legume hay inclusion—affect soil organic matter quantity and quality in a Rego Black Chernozem with a thin A horizon. Fertilization increased soil organic C and microbial biomass only in continuous wheat, whereas higher cropping frequency and legume inclusion raised soil organic C, C mineralization, and microbial biomass C and N; carbon mineralization proved a reliable index of treatment effects, and microbial activity was greater in systems with lower biomass. Keywords: specific respiratory activity, crop residues, soil quality, crop rotations.

Abstract

The effects of crop rotations and various cultural practices on soil organic matter quantity and quality in a Rego, Black Chernozem with a thin A horizon were determined in a long-term study at Indian Head, Saskatchewan. Variables examined included: fertilization, cropping frequency, green manuring, and inclusion of grass-legume hay crop in predominantly spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production systems. Generally, fertilizer increased soil organic C and microbial biomass in continuous wheat cropping but not in fallow-wheat or fallow-wheat-wheat rotations. Soil organic C, C mineralization (respiration) and microbial biomass C and N increased (especially in the 7.5- to 15-cm depth) with increasing frequency of cropping and with the inclusion of legumes as green manure or hay crop in the rotation. The influence of treatments on soil microbial biomass C (BC) was less pronounced than on microbial biomass N. Carbon mineralization was a good index for delineating treatment effects. Analysis of the microbial biomass C/N ratio indicated that the microbial suite may have been modified by the treatments that increased soil organic matter significantly. The treatments had no effect on specific respiratory activity (CO 2 -C/BC). However, it appeared that the microbial activity, in terms of respiration, was greater for systems with smaller microbial biomass. Changes in amount and quality of the soil organic matter were associated with estimated amount and C and N content of plant residues returned to the soil. Key words: Specific respiratory activity, crop residues, soil quality, crop rotations