Decreased Cardiac Output, Venous Congestion and the Association with Renal Impairment in Patients with Cardiac Dysfunction

Abstract

RBF is the main factor determining GFR in patients with cardiac dysfunction. Venous congestion, characterised by an increased RAP, adjusted for RBF is also related to GFR. Treatment to preserve GFR should not only focus on improvement of renal perfusion, but also on decreasing venous congestion.