Ultrasound Versus Landmark-Based Technique for Ilioinguinal-Iliohypogastric Nerve Blockade in Children: The Implications on Plasma Levels of Ropivacaine

Abstract

In Brief BACKGROUND: Ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve blockade (INB) is associated with high plasma concentrations of local anesthetics (LAs) in children. Ultrasonographic guidance enables exact anatomical administration of LA, which may alter plasma levels. Accordingly, we compared plasma levels of ropivacaine after ultrasonographic versus landmark-based INB. METHODS: After induction of general anesthesia, 66 children (8–84 mo) scheduled for inguinal hernia repair received INB with 0.25 mL/kg of ropivacaine 0.5% (1.25 mg/kg) either by a landmark-based (n = 31) or by an ultrasound-guided technique (n = 35). Ropivacaine plasma levels were measured before (0) and 5, 10, 20, and 30 min after the LA injection, using high-performance liquid chromatography. Maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax), time to Cmax (tmax), the absorption rate constant (ka), the speed of rise of the plasma concentration at Time 0 (dC0/dt), and area under the curve value (AUC) were determined. RESULTS: The ultrasound-guided technique resulted in higher Cmax (sd), ka, dC0/dt, and AUC values and shorter tmax compared with the landmark-based technique (Cmax: 1.78 [0.62] vs 1.23 [0.70] μg/mL, P < 0.01; ka: 14.4 [10.7] vs 11.7 [11.4] h−1, P < 0.05; dC0/dt: 0.26 [0.12] vs 0.15 [0.03] μg/mL · min, P < 0.01; AUC: 42.4 [15.9] vs 27.2 [18.1] μg · 30 min/mL, P < 0.001; tmax: 20.4 [8.6] vs 25.3 [7.6] min, P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The pharmacokinetic data indicate faster absorption and higher maximal plasma concentration of LA when ultrasound was used as a guidance technique for INB compared with the landmark-based technique. Thus, a reduction of the volume of LA should be considered when using an ultrasound-guided technique for INB. IMPLICATIONS: Faster absorption and higher maximal plasma concentration of local anesthetic were observed when ultrasound was used as a guidance technique for ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve blocks in children compared with the landmark-based technique. These results highlight the importance of using low volumes of local anesthetics during ultrasonographic guided ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric nerve blockade in children.