Physical review. A, General physics · 1974 · 308 citations · 32 references
Materials ScienceMaterials EngineeringElectric Field EffectsZero-point RadiationEngineeringAttractive ForcePhysicsPermeable MaterialsMaterial PropertyApplied PhysicsCondensed Matter PhysicsMetamaterialsLow Dimensional MaterialMaterial PhysicComputational ElectromagneticsDielectric MaterialsZero-point EnergyElectrical Property
Symmetries of Maxwell’s equations allow van der Waals forces between electrically polarizable particles and dielectric materials to be mapped to forces between magnetically polarizable particles and permeable materials, enabling repulsive interactions in mixed dielectric–permeable systems. The authors compute the repulsive force using classical electromagnetic zero‑point radiation theory. They find that a perfect conductor and an infinitely permeable plate repel with force \(F=\frac{7}{8}\frac{\pi^2\hbar c A}{240 d^4}\), a magnitude 7/8 of Casimir’s attractive force.
It is pointed out that symmetries of Maxwell's equations under interchange of electric and magnetic fields can be exploited to convert calculations of van der Waals forces between electrically polarizable particles and dielectric materials into results for magnetically polarizable particles and permeable materials. In particular, the forces between perfectly conducting materials calculated from ideas of zero-point radiation are the same as the forces between infinitely permeable materials. Combinations of dielectric materials and permeable materials can lead to repulsive van der Waals forces. For example, two infinitely permeable parallel plates are attracted together with exactly the same force as obtained by Casimir for the van der Waals attraction between two perfectly conducting plates. On the other hand, two parallel plates of area $A$ and separation $d$, one of which is a perfect conductor and one of which is infinitely permeable, are repelled by a force $F=\frac{7}{8}\frac{{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}\ensuremath{\hbar}cA}{240{d}^{4}}$, differing in magnitude by a factor of $\frac{7}{8}$ from Casimir's attractive force. A calculation of the repulsive force is given based on ideas of classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation.
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