Lasers in Surgery and Medicine · 1989 · 306 citations · 27 references
EngineeringBiomedical EngineeringSurgeryBiomedical OpticsBiophotonicsTissue EngineeringAblation TherapyAbsorption In TissueBiomedical Laser ApplicationsLaser PhysicsLaser SurgeryLaser-tissue InteractionAblation ModelingAblation ProcessesAblation StudiesAblation TechnologyAblative Laser TherapyLaser AblationNd:yag Laser TreatmentPlasma Formation
The ablation of soft and hard tissue using the normal‑spiking‑mode Er:YAG laser was quantified by measuring the number of pulses required to perforate a measured thickness of tissue. Bone is ablated at 2.94 μm radiation, but ablation efficiency drops at fluences above 20 J/cm² due to plasma formation and at low fluence due to desiccation, while aorta and skin show higher efficiencies, with skin achieving 540 μg/J and >400 μm per pulse, suggesting a complex explosive removal process.
Abstract The ablation of both soft and hard tissue using the normal‐spiking‐mode Er:YAG laser has been quantified by measuring the number of pulses needed to perforate a measured thickness of tissue. Bone is readily ablated by 2.94 μm radiation; however, at per pulse fluences greater than 20 J/cm 2 , plasma formation decreases ablation efficiency. At low fluence, desiccation can prevent efficient ablation of bone. The ablation efficiency for aorta and skin is higher than for bone. The ablation efficiency, 540 μg/J, and the ablation depth per pulse, >400 μm, for skin are too high to be readily explained by simple models of ablation and thus provide evidence for a more complex explosive removal process.
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Optical Constants of Water in the 200-nm to 200-μm Wavelength Region
George M. Hale, Marvin R. Querry · Applied Optics · 1973 · 4.4K citations