Modeling of quartz crystal oscillators by using nonlinear dipolar method

Abstract

A quartz crystal oscillator can be thought of as a resonator connected across an amplifier considered as a nonlinear dipole the impedance of which depends on the amplitude of the current that flows through it. The nonlinear amplifier resistance and reactance are obtained by using a time domain electrical simulator like SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis): the resonator is replaced with a sinusoidal current source of the same frequency and a set of transient analyses is performed by giving the current source a larger amplitude. A Fourier analysis of the steady-state voltage across the dipolar amplifier is performed to calculate both real and imaginary parts of the dipolar impedance as a function of the current amplitude. From these curves, it is then possible to accurately calculate the oscillation amplitude and frequency without having to perform unacceptably long transient analyses needed by a direct oscillator closed loop simulation. This method implemented in the Analyse Dipolaire des Oscillateurs a Quartz or Quartz Crystal Oscillators Dipolar Analysis (ADOQ) program calculates the oscillation start-up condition, the oscillation steady-state features (oscillation amplitude and frequency), and the oscillator sensitivity to various parameters. The oscillation nonlinear differential equation is solved by using the slowly varying function method so that the program quickly and accurately calculates the current amplitude and frequency transients. Measurements performed on an actual amplifier show a very good agreement with the results obtained by the simulation program.