Bile Duct Injury during Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy without Intraoperative Cholangiography: A Retrospective Study on 1,100 Selected Patients

Abstract

LC can be performed safely without the use of IOC and with acceptable low rates of biliary complications. An accurate preoperative evaluation of clinical risk factors, precise operative procedures, and conversion to an open approach in doubtful cases are important measures which must be taken to prevent CBD injury.