Development and Initial Validation of a Measure of Autonomy, Competence, and Relatedness in Exercise: The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale

TLDR

The Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale is a domain‑specific self‑report instrument that measures perceived satisfaction of autonomy, competence, and relatedness during exercise. This study develops and initially validates the BPNES. The authors calibrated the scale with 508 participants and validated it with 504 participants recruited from private fitness centers. The BPNES demonstrated a robust factor structure, strong internal consistency, cross‑sample dimensionality, discriminant and predictive validity, 4‑week stability, and resistance to social desirability bias.

Abstract

Abstract The development process and initial validation of the Basic Psychological Needs in Exercise Scale (BPNES) are presented in this study. The BPNES is a domain-specific self-report instrument designed to assess perceptions of the extent to which the innate needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness (Deci & Ryan, 2000) are satisfied in exercise. Two separate samples of 508 and 504 participants were employed from private fitness centers for scale calibration and validation purposes, respectively. The results demonstrated an adequate factor structure, internal consistency, generalizability of the factor dimensionality across the calibration and the validation samples, discriminant validity and predictive validity; acceptable stability of the BPNES scores over 4 weeks also was found. In addition, the scale scores were found to be largely unaffected by socially desirable responding and specifically the tendency for impression management.