Increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase‐2 and 9 and human papilloma virus infection are associated with malignant transformation of sinonasal inverted papilloma

Abstract

Precancerous lesions of IP exhibited elevated levels of MMP-2 and 9 and these expression may be associated with early events in IP carcinogenesis. HPV infection would be an early event in a multistep process of malignant formation of IP.