Determination of Lead(II) in Groundwater Using Solid‐State Lead(II) Selective Electrodes by Tuned Galvanostatic Polarization

Abstract

Abstract A method for direct potentiometric determination of lead(II) ion in native, untreated environmental samples of groundwater is reported. In a filtered sample, when applying a solid‐state (PbS/Ag 2 S) ion‐selective electrode in tuned galvanostatic polarization (TGP) mode, a concentration of 17.2±1.6 µg dm −3 was measured. The potentiometric results are compared with those obtained using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), 18.0±0.4 µg dm −3 and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV), 24.3±0.5 µg dm −3 . Owing to limitations of other methods, the analysis of Pb 2+ in the untreated and non‐filtered samples was only possible with the ion‐selective electrode solid‐state electrode. The described method can be an attractive alternative to existing methods of Pb 2+ determination that are used to monitor groundwater pollution.