<title>Computer-simulated phacoemulsification improvements</title>

Abstract

A simulator for phacoemulsification cataract extraction is developed. A three-dimensional visual interface and foot pedals for phacoemulsification power, x-y positioning, zoom and focus were established. An algorithm that allows real time visual feedback of the surgical field was developed. Cataract surgery is the most common surgical procedure. The operation requires input from both feet and both hands and provides visual feedback through the operation microscope essentially without tactile feedback. Experience demonstrates that the number of complications for an experienced surgeon learning phacoemulsification, decreases exponentially, reaching close to the asymptote after the first 500 procedures despite initial wet lab training on animal eyes. Simulator training is anticipated to decrease training time, decrease complication rate for the beginner and reduce expensive supervision by a high volume surgeon.