Acute Toxicity of Ammonia and Nitrite to Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, at Low Salinities

Abstract

Chapter 1 "Introduction" Chapter 2 "Literature Review" 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Exposure to Ammonia and Nitrite 2.2.1 Toxic properties of ammonia 2.2.2 Effects of Ammonia on Survival and Growth 2.2.3 Toxic properties of nitrite 2.2.4 Effects of Nitrite on Survival and Growth 2.2.5 Ammonia and Nitrite Combined 2.3 Factors affecting toxicity of ammonia and nitrite 2.3.1 pH 2.3.2Salinity 2.3.3Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 2.3.4Temperature 2.3.5 Age 2.4 Conclusions 2.5 Research Needs Chapter 3 "Acute toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to Pacific White Shrimp (L.vannamei) at low salinities"