The quantum candela: a re-definition of the standard units for optical radiation

Abstract

The candela, the SI (système internationale) unit for optical radiation, has been one of the base units since the inception of the system. The latest definition was in 1979, when it was linked to the derived unit, the watt. Advances in optical technology and the needs of the communication sector suggest that it is timely that consideration be given to redefining the candela in terms of fundamental quantum optical entities, i.e. photons. Validation of this approach will require comparison against the most accurate conventional technique, cryogenic radiometry. A definition in terms of photon number and the requirements for demonstrating equivalence with existing techniques is discussed, together with new possibilities which would result from further improvements in accuracy. Work being carried out at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) towards these goals is described, drawing on developments of photon-counting calibration techniques and low temperature measurements, and research into single photon sources and detectors.