Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing · 2003 · 153 citations · 11 references
NursingCritical Care NursingPain ManagementPain Management NursingPain MedicinePain AssessmentPain ControlPain MeasurementPain PsychologyNonverbal Distress IndicatorsNonverbal Pain AssessmentNonverbal Pain CommunicationPain Scale DevelopmentPain ScalesPain-related Distress AssessmentPilot Study DesignSelf-report Pain Scales
The accurate assessment of pain in nonverbal patients is difficult, with nurses often relying on a variety of methods to determine medication impact. Much of the evidence to date suggests that commonly used indicators of pain may not effectively measure the true extent of distress in patients unable to verbalize their level of discomfort. A recent pilot study of an existing and newly developed pain assessment scale reinforces this concern.
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Michelle Briggs, José Closs · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · 1999 · 321 citations · Full text
Pain experiences of intensive care unit patients.
Puntillo Ka · PubMed · 1990 · 281 citations