The Dose-Dependent Effect of S(+)-Ketamine on Cardiac Output in Healthy Volunteers and Complex Regional Pain Syndrome Type 1 Chronic Pain Patients

Abstract

S(+)-ketamine pharmacokinetics but not pharmacodynamics differed between study populations, related to differences in disease state (CRPS1 or not) or age. The dose-dependent effect of S(+)-ketamine on CO was well described by the biphasic dynamic model. The effect of S(+)-ketamine on CO was similar between study groups with respect to its stimulatory and inhibitory components, despite group differences in age and health.