Spin injection and relaxation in ferromagnet-semiconductor heterostructures

Abstract

We present a detailed description of spin injection and detection in $\mathrm{Fe}∕{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{GaAs}$ heterostructures for temperatures from 2 to 295 K. Measurements of the steady-state spin polarization in the semiconductor indicate three temperature regimes for spin transport and relaxation. At temperatures below 70 K, spin-polarized electrons injected into quantum well structures form excitons, and the spin polarization in the quantum well depends strongly on the electrical bias conditions. At intermediate temperatures, the spin polarization is determined primarily by the spin-relaxation rate for free electrons in the quantum well. This process is slow relative to the excitonic spin-relaxation rate at lower temperatures and is responsible for a broad maximum in the spin polarization between 100 and 200 K. The spin injection efficiency of the $\mathrm{Fe}∕{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}{\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{As}$ Schottky barrier decreases at higher temperatures, although a steady-state spin polarization of at least 6% is observed at 295 K.