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Japanese and American infants' responses to arm restraint.
115
Citations
23
References
1992
Year
EducationInjury PreventionAmerican InfantsRestraint-free CareSocial SciencesDevelopmental PsychologyChild LanguageCognitive DevelopmentSocial-emotional DevelopmentBehavioral IssueDevelopmental DisorderChild PsychologySocial SkillsEarly Childhood DevelopmentRehabilitationInfant CognitionChild DevelopmentCoding SystemPediatricsEmotional DevelopmentBaby FacsNegative VocalizationsEmotionAggressionTrauma In ChildNonverbal Communication
Five- and 12-month-old Japanese and American infants participated in a nonpainful arm restraint procedure. Facial responses were scored with an anatomically based coding system (Baby FACS, an adaptation for infants of Ekman and Friesen's, 1978, Facial Action Coding System, or FACS). Nonfacial body activity (struggling) and negative vocalizations also were scored
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