A Transgenic Myogenic Cell Line Lacking Ryanodine Receptor Protein for Homologous Expression Studies: Reconstitution of Ry1R Protein and Function

Abstract

CCS embryonic stem (ES) cells possessing two mutant alleles (ry1r-/ry1r-) for the skeletal muscle ryanodine receptor (RyR) have been produced and injected subcutaneously into severely compromised immunodeficient mice to produce teratocarcinomas in which Ry1R expression is absent. Several primary fibroblast cell lines were isolated and subcloned from one of these tumors that contain the knockout mutation in both alleles and exhibit a doubling time of 18-24 h, are not contact growth inhibited, do not exhibit drastic morphological change upon serum reduction, and possess the normal complement of chromosomes. Four of these fibroblast clones were infected with a retrovirus containing the cDNA encoding myoD and a puromycin selection marker. Several (1-2 microg/ml) puromycin-resistant subclones from each initial cell line were expanded and examined for their ability to express myoD and to form multinucleated myotubes that express desmin and myosin upon removal of mitogens. One of these clones (1B5 cells) was selected on this basis for further study. These cells, upon withdrawal of mitogens for 5-7 d, were shown by Western blot analysis to express key triadic proteins, including skeletal triadin, calsequestrin, FK506-binding protein, 12 kD, sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase1, and dihydropyridine receptors. Neither RyR isoform protein, Ry1R (skeletal), Ry2R (cardiac), nor Ry3R (brain), were detected in differentiated 1B5 cells. Measurements of intracellular Ca2+ by ratio fluorescence imaging of fura-2-loaded cells revealed that differentiated 1B5 cells exhibited no responses to K+ (40 mM) depolarization, ryanodine (50-500 microM), or caffeine (20-100 mM). Transient transfection of the 1B5 cells with the full-length rabbit Ry1R cDNA restored the expected responses to K+ depolarization, caffeine, and ryanodine. Depolarization-induced Ca2+ release was independent of extracellular Ca2+, consistent with skeletal-type excitation-contraction coupling. Wild-type Ry1R expressed in 1B5 cells were reconstituted into bilayer lipid membranes and found to be indistinguishable from channels reconstituted from rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum with respect to unitary conductance, open dwell times, and responses to ryanodine and ruthenium red. The 1B5 cell line provides a powerful and easily managed homologous expression system in which to study how Ry1R structure relates to function.