Simple Exercise Recovery Index for Sympathetic Overactivity Is Linked to Insulin Resistance

Abstract

UNLABELLED: Exercise HR recovery (HRR) has proven an effective clinical means to assess parasympathetic dysfunction linked to all-cause mortality, but an analogous functional assessment for sympathetic dysfunction has not been developed. PURPOSE: We investigated whether exercise recovery provides additional cardiorespiratory information, beyond the initial HRR period, to index sympathetic overactivity associated with insulin resistance. METHODS: Young people (N = 20) with diverse percent body fat (9%-52%) were studied using fasting, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), and high-carbohydrate meal measurements. Participants also completed a graded fitness test (oxygen consumption peak test on cycle ergometer) after which HR and oxygen consumption (V x O2) measurements were continued for 3 min into recovery. The first, rapid phase of exercise recovery was used as the clinical measurement for parasympathetic control (HRR = HR2 min - HRmax). The second, initial plateau phase of exercise recovery was used to calculate a novel functional index for sympathetic overactivity (the plateau value for the ratio of HR normalized for V x O2 (HR/V x O2 plat)). RESULTS: As expected, parasympathetic function (HRR) was within the normal range in these young people (-58 +/- 2 bpm). The index for sympathetic overactivity varied over a wide range from 9 to 34 bpm/(mL x kg x min(-1)), with obese adolescents having values in the highest 25th percentile. We found that this simple index was correlated to both the OGTT-derived whole-body insulin sensitivity index (r = -0.74, P < 0.001) and Homeostasis Assessment Model for Insulin Resistance (r = 0.76, P < 0.001), independent of percent body fat and parasympathetic function. Meal-induced thermogenesis was also associated with HR/V x O2 plat (r = -0.64, P < 0.01) but not with HRR. CONCLUSION: In young individuals, recovery from intense exercise may provide a simple means to quantify both parasympathetic and sympathetic function. The exercise recovery index for sympathetic overactivity was linked to insulin resistance.