TGF-β<sub>1</sub>, -β<sub>2</sub> and -β<sub>3</sub> Cooperate to Facilitate Tubulogenesis in the Explanted Quail Heart

Abstract

(1) TGF-beta(1), -beta(2) and -beta(3) each inhibits angiogenesis; (2) cooperation between the three TGF-beta isoforms and other angiogenic factors is essential for the regulation of normal tubulogenesis and (3) the stimulatory effect of VEGF or bFGF on tubulogenesis is negated by exogenous TGB-betas.