Association Between Cardiovascular vs. Non-Cardiovascular Co-Morbidities and Outcomes in Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Abstract

HFPEF was associated with higher age, female gender, hypertension, atrial fibrillation/flutter, and numerous non-cardiovascular co-morbidities. Prognosis was determined by non-cardiovascular co-morbidities, but use of conventional heart failure medications may still be associated with improved outcomes.