RENAL CELL CARCINOMA WITH RENAL VEIN AND INFERIOR VENA CAVAL INVOLVEMENT: CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL FEATURES, SURGICAL TECHNIQUES AND OUTCOMES

Abstract

Most patients with RCC and tumor thrombus are symptomatic at presentation and metastatic disease at presentation is not uncommon. These results support the role of aggressive surgical treatment as the best initial management of these tumors. The majority of tumors can be approached and safely controlled without the need for a thoracoabdominal incision. While surgery provides modest disease-free survival, most patients should be offered immunotherapy, particularly those with advanced stage, grade, nodal involvement or metastases.