Particle-Based Discrete Element Modeling: Geomechanics Perspective

TLDR

This review introduces particulate discrete element modeling to geomechanics researchers and practitioners, outlining its adoption and role in developing continuum constitutive models. The paper details DEM fundamentals—particle types, contact force calculations, boundary conditions, postprocessing, validation, and field‑scale applications—to guide implementation. Future developments require sustained quality assurance in DEM simulations to ensure reliable geomechanical predictions.

Abstract

This paper is a review of the use of particulate discrete element modeling (DEM) in geomechanics. The overall objective of the paper is to serve as an introduction to researchers and practitioners in geomechanics who are considering adopting DEM in their work or using the results of DEM simulations to guide other studies, for example, the development of constitutive models for continuum-based numerical analysis. It is hoped that prior converts to the use of DEM will also benefit from a relatively objective overview of current DEM use in geomechanics. The introductory sections present the background to the method and give an overview of the evolution of the use of particulate DEM in recent geotechnical research. The general principals of the algorithm are then presented, considering the types of particles typically used, the calculation of contact forces, and formulation of simulation boundary conditions. Some techniques available to interpret and postprocess of DEM results and provide the information to link the particle scale and overall response are outlined. Approaches used to validate and calibrate DEM models to verify that DEM simulation results representative of physical reality are discussed. An overview of the application of DEM modeling to field-scale problems is then presented. Finally the conclusions consider future developments in the area and emphasize the need to maintain quality in DEM simulations.