Genomic Variants of <i>ATF3</i> in Patients With Hypospadias

Abstract

Genomic variants of ATF3 are present in 10% of our patients with hypospadias. We also report an abnormal expression pattern of ATF3 in a hypospadiac fetus. The direct implication of ATF3 in the occurrence of hypospadias remains to be confirmed by functional studies of the genomic variants we describe.