Etanercept Restores the Antinociceptive Effect of Morphine and Suppresses Spinal Neuroinflammation in Morphine-Tolerant Rats

Abstract

The present study demonstrates that etanercept restores the antinociceptive effect of morphine in morphine-tolerant rats by inhibition of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 expression and spinal neuroinflammation. The results suggest that etanercept could also be an adjuvant therapy for morphine tolerance, which extends the effectiveness of opioids in clinical pain management.