Epidural, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Epidural Opioids (Part 2)

Abstract

The findings indicate that the effects of epinephrine on the spinal pharmacokinetics of these opioids are complex and often antithetical across compartments and opioids. In addition, the data clearly indicate that the pharmacokinetic effects of epinephrine in spinal "compartments" cannot be predicted from measurements of drug concentration in plasma, as has been assumed for decades.