The British Journal of Psychiatry · 1990 · 67 citations · 19 references
MedicinePharmacotherapyPsychiatryBehavioral PharmacologyPsychopharmacologySubstance Use DisordersDrug DependenceSubstance WithdrawalWithdrawal ManagementWithdrawal SyndromesBenzodiazepine Dependence ManagementBenzodiazepine Use DisorderClinical Management Of WithdrawalDrug Withdrawal ReactionsPharmacologic Treatment Of WithdrawalPharmacological Management Of WithdrawalPropranolol TherapyWithdrawal Symptoms
Thirty-one patients dependent on benzodiazepines were randomly assigned to either slow withdrawal (SW) or abrupt withdrawal under propranolol cover (PW). Of 16 patients in the SW group, 11 successfully withdrew from their drugs, while only 4 out of 15 in the PW group did so. Patients in the SW group had only mild withdrawal symptoms, while those in the PW group suffered more severe symptoms, which lasted around four weeks. In all, 81% of the whole group suffered withdrawal symptoms of some kind. Patients in both groups were significantly less anxious at the end of the study than at baseline. Younger subjects and those who were more severely anxious at the start of the trial had more difficulty in withdrawing than older and less anxious patients.
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The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale
A. S. Zigmond, R. P. Snaith · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · 1983 · 46.6K citations
THE ASSESSMENT OF ANXIETY STATES BY RATING
Max Hamilton · British Journal of Medical Psychology · 1959 · 11.4K citations
Withdrawal from long-term benzodiazepine treatment.
Hannes Pétursson, M Lader · BMJ · 1981 · 369 citations · Full text