Origin of the Failure of Classical Nucleation Theory: Incorrect Description of the Smallest Clusters

Abstract

We carry out molecular Monte Carlo simulations of clusters in an imperfect vapor. We show that down to very small cluster sizes, classical nucleation theory built on the liquid drop model can be used very accurately to describe the work required to add a monomer to the cluster. However, the error made in modeling the smallest of clusters as liquid drops results in an erroneous absolute value for the cluster work of formation throughout the size range. We calculate factors needed to correct the cluster formation work given by the liquid drop model. The corrected work of formation results in nucleation rates in good agreement with recent nucleation experiments on argon and water.