Efficient photon detection from color centers in a diamond optical waveguide

Abstract

A common limitation of experiments using color centers in diamond is the poor photon collection efficiency of microscope objectives due to refraction at the diamond interface. We present a simple and effective technique to detect a large fraction of photons emitted by color centers within a planar diamond sample by detecting light that is guided to the edges of the diamond via total internal reflection. We describe a prototype device using this ``side-collection'' technique, which provides a photon collection efficiency $\ensuremath{\approx}47%$ and a photon detection efficiency $\ensuremath{\approx}39%$. We apply the enhanced signal-to-noise ratio gained from side collection to ac magnetometry using ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers, and demonstrate an ac magnetic field sensitivity $\ensuremath{\approx}100\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}\mathrm{pT}/\sqrt{\mathrm{Hz}}$, limited by added noise in the prototype side-collection device. Technical optimization should allow significant further improvements in photon collection and detection efficiency as well as subpicotesla NV-diamond magnetic field sensitivity using the side-collection technique.