Geomagnetic storm theory

A discussion of the two-gas theory of the transmission of geomagnetic disturbances through the atmosphere (to several earth radii) is extended, with the following results: (i) The central problem concerning the main phase of a geomagnetic storm is the mechanism of penetration of solar ions into the geomagnetic field. An explanation is given depending on a combination of a uniform electric space-charge field and a system of irregular fields. (ii) A model of the main phase of a geomagnetic storm is given, the principal feature of which is a ‘magnetic tail’ extending from the earth on the dark side. (iii) The model may help to explain some other effects: the Gegenschein, electrons with auroral energies, the location of the Van Allen zones, and diurnal cosmic-ray variations, (iv) All observed geomagnetic disturbances have their sources initially in current systems in the lower ionosphere. Some are subsequently maintained by current systems in the earth itself and in the region of interaction between the solar and terrestrial plasmas. Others, mainly polar and equatorial, are maintained by ionospheric currents driven by space-charge electric fields, (v) Any ring current outside the geomagnetic field could cause an increase in the horizontal component. A westward-flowing ring current embedded in the field could cause either an increase or a decrease in the horizontal component. The basic effect is not the current but a sustained inward or outward mechanical force on the material in which the current flows.