The Innate Immune Response and Activation of Coagulation in α1,3-Galactosyltransferase Gene-Knockout Xenograft Recipients

Abstract

Our data suggest that (1) irrespective of the presence or absence of the adaptive immune response, early or late xenograft rejection is associated with activation of the innate immune system; and (2) porcine endothelial cell activation and primate TF expression by recipient innate immune cells may both contribute to the development of TM.