The Lyapunov exponent and joint spectral radius of pairs of matrices are hard?when not impossible?to compute and to approximate

The Complexity of Markov Decision Processes

Christos H. Papadimitriou, John N. Tsitsiklis · Mathematics of Operations Research · 1987 · 1.3K citations

Computing, Computer Science, Decision Sciences +17

A multiplicative ergodic theorem. Ljapunov characteristic numbers for dynamical systems.

V. I. Oseledec · Medical Entomology and Zoology · 1968 · 1.2K citations

Natural Sciences, Mathematics, Dynamical Systems +15

Formal Languages and their Relation to Automata

James B. Morris · Nuclear Science and Engineering · 1970 · 1K citations

Computing, Computer Engineering, Computer Science +12

Subadditive Ergodic Theory

J. F. C. Kingmán · The Annals of Probability · 1973 · 660 citations · Full text

Natural Sciences, Mathematics, Probability Theory +8

A note on the joint spectral radius

Gian‐Carlo Rota, W. Gilbert Strang · Indagationes Mathematicae (Proceedings) · 1960 · 529 citations

Natural Sciences, Physics, Interstellar Medium +4