Renal Involvement in Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Abstract

Renal abnormalities are present in approximately 9% of patients with PAPS. In addition to APS nephropathy, the prevailing picture is membranous nephropathy. Outcome and long-term follow-up usually are good. Not all of the clinical manifestations of PAPS can be ascribed to thrombotic mechanisms. The heterogeneity of renal involvement confirms the presence of a continuum between systemic lupus erythematosus and PAPS.