Update on Na-based battery materials. A growing research path

TLDR

Na‑based batteries include aqueous, oxygen‑based, and non‑aqueous Na‑ion systems, each targeting different storage needs—low‑cost, safer aqueous cells, high‑energy‑density Na–O₂ cells, and stationary‑storage Na‑ion batteries. The study compiles current knowledge on Na‑based battery materials, assessing the feasibility of Na‑aqueous and Na–O₂ systems while summarizing recent progress in non‑aqueous Na‑ion technologies. It reviews feasibility studies of Na‑aqueous and Na–O₂ batteries and surveys recent developments in non‑aqueous Na‑ion systems.

Abstract

This work presents an up-to-date information on Na-based battery materials. On the one hand, it explores the feasibility of two novel energy storage systems: Na-aqueous batteries and Na–O2 technology. On the other hand, it summarises new advances on non-aqueous Na-ion systems. Although all of them can be placed under the umbrella of Na-based systems, aqueous and oxygen-based batteries are arising technologies with increasing significance in energy storage research, while non-aqueous sodium-ion technology has become one of the most important research lines in this field. These systems meet different requirements of energy storage: Na-aqueous batteries will have a determining role as a low cost and safer technology; Na–O2 systems can be the key technology to overcome the need for high energy density storage devices; and non-aqueous Na-ion batteries have application in the field of stationary energy storage.