Improved rhombus interpolation for reversible watermarking by difference expansion

Abstract

The paper proposes an interpolation error expansion reversible watermarking algorithm. The main novelty of the paper is a modified rhombus interpolation scheme. The four horizontal and vertical neighbors are considered and, depending on their values, the interpolated pixel is computed as the average of the horizontal pixels, of the vertical pixels or of the entire set of four pixels. Experimental results are provided. The proposed scheme outperforms the results obtained by using the average on the four horizontal and vertical neighbors and the ones obtained by using well known predictors as MED or GAP.