Overexpression and Interactions of Interleukin‐10, Transforming Growth Factor β, and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Abstract

Overexpression of IL-10, TGF-beta, and VEGF plays an important role in ESCC and consequently leads to the frequent event of immune evasion in ESCC. TGF-beta is concomitantly overexpressed with IL-10 and with VEGF in ESCC. A stimulatory signal from TGF-beta to VEGF is necessary for VEGF to promote tumor progression.