HRTEM and Raman characterisation of the onion-like carbon synthesised by annealing detonation nanodiamond at lower temperature and vacuum

Abstract

Onion-like carbon (OLC) was synthesised by annealing detonation nanodiamond for 1.5 h at temperatures from 500 to 1400°C and at a vacuum of 1 Pa. The results showed that the nanodiamond was transformed into the amorphous carbon (a-C) at first and then the a-C was transformed into the OLC gradually with the increase in annealing temperature. Moreover, at the annealing temperature of 600°C, the nanodiamond started transforming into a-C from the edge of the nanodiamond particle (1 1 1) crystal plane. At the annealing temperature of 750°C, the nanodiamond was transformed into the a-C completely. At the annealing temperature of 850°C, the a-C began transforming into the OLC at the edge area. At the annealing temperature of 1000°C, the OLC particle with a size smaller than 5 nm was synthesised. However, in the centre of the OLC particle, untransformed a-C coexisted. At the annealing temperature of 1100°C, the microstructure of the OLC particle with a size smaller than 5 nm became optimised. At the annealing temperature of 1200°C, the OLC particle with a size larger than 5 nm was fabricated. There was also untransformed a-C coexisting in the centre of the OLC particle. At the annealing temperature of 1350°C, all the a-C was transformed into the OLC. The average size of the OLC was approximately 5 nm, which was the same as that of the nanodiamond. The layers of the OLC were varied from several to 12.