Hand-Assisted Retroperitoneoscopic Nephroureterectomy for Upper Urinary-Tract Urothelial Tumors

Abstract

This is the first report of hand-assisted endoscopic nephroureterectomy using the retroperitoneal approach. The surgical technique seems quite reasonable because the lower-abdominal incision can be utilized, not only as a route for hand assistance, but also as a window for open surgery when resecting the distal ureter as well as for extracting the surgical specimen.