The role of heterocellular hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin in β⁰‐thalassaemia intermedia

Abstract

Beta(0)-thalassaemia intermedia (beta(0)-TI) describes patients who lack beta-globin synthesis yet manifest a non-transfusion-dependent form of beta-thalassaemia. Co-inheritance of alpha-thalassaemia, certain variants of the beta-like globin gene cluster and elevated fetal haemoglobin (HbF) production are all associated with beta(0)-TI. However, the mild phenotypes of many beta(0)-TI patients are unexplained. Genetically determined HbF levels in beta-thalassaemia are difficult to assess because erythrocytes containing HbF (F cells) preferentially survive over erythrocytes without HbF. To evaluate the importance of genetically elevated HbF in beta-thalassaemia, F-cell levels of 19 TI patients' relatives were compared with relatives of transfusion-dependent beta-thalassaemia major patients and those of beta-globin genotype-matched controls. The beta-globin and alpha-globin genotypes, as well as their Ggamma promoter were also examined. Using this approach, in all but one patient the mild phenotype was attributable to either alpha-globin genotype, gamma-globin promoter polymorphism or inherited elevated F-cell levels. The findings of this study establish the F-cell levels required to modify the degree of disease severity significantly and demonstrate that F-cell level is a crucial parameter in the understanding of phenotypic variation in beta-thalassaemia.