Cross-validation of a short form of the CES-D in Chinese elderly

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To establish the reliability and validity of a 10-item short form of the CES-D (CESD-10). DESIGN: Cross-sectional and longitudinal follow-up over 3 years. Standardized questionnaire and face-to-face interview were conducted. SETTING: Community and psychogeriatric assessment clinic of a voluntary organization. PARTICIPANTS: Five hundred and fifty-four elderly in the general community, 30 elderly from a community centre and 31 elderly patients with depressive symptoms. MEASURES: Instruments other than the CESD-10 included Activities of Daily Living (ADL), the Life Satisfaction Scale (LSS), the Lubben Social Network Scale, a single-item measure of self-rated health. RESULTS: Reliability of the CESD-10 in terms of internal consistency was satisfactory (Cronbach alpha = 0.78-0.79). Moderate consistency over a period of 3 years was also found to be significant (r = 0.44, p < 0.01). The CESD-10 showed comparable accuracy to the original CES-D in classifying cases with depressive symptoms (kappa = 0.84, p < 0.01). Significant relationships of the CESD-10 with impairments of daily functioning, life satisfaction, social support, and self-rated health were established. The CESD-10 also differentiated significantly between groups of 'normal' and clinically depressed elderly. CONCLUSION: The CESD-10 attained satisfactory content and temporal reliability. Its construct and concurrent validity were established. With its brevity, it should prove a useful mental health measure for the elderly.