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Part-per-trillion level determination of antifouling pesticides and their byproducts in seawater samples by off-line solid-phase extraction followed by high-performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Off-line Solid-phase ExtractionPart-per-trillion Level DeterminationEnvironmental ChemistryEngineeringPesticide-residue AnalysisEnvironmental EngineeringEnvironmental Analytical ChemistryMass SpectrometryMarine PollutionMarine ChemistrySeawater SamplesAnalytical ChemistryEcotoxicologyLiquid ChromatographyEnvironmental ToxicologySample Pre-treatmentMedicineChromatography