A canine study of cold water drowning in fresh versus salt water

Abstract

On submersion in cold water, all of the experimental animals developed tachypnea immediately, followed by aspiration with predictable effects. The biochemical and pathophysiologic changes in cold water drowning approximated those changes reported for warm water drowning for both fresh and salt water with one exception and continued aspiration of cold water produced extremely rapid core cooling as long as the circulation remained intact. This process of acute submersion hypothermia may protect the brain temporarily from lethal damage, as reported in cases of cold fresh water drowning. Concentrations of circulating catecholamines increased exponentially in both groups of test animals. Clinically, their acute effects on the circulation, compounded by significant hypothermia and extreme anoxia, must hamper the detection of residual circulation at rescue and may play a role in sudden death from cold water in the absence of drowning.