The design and implementation of SPIRIT: a spatially aware search engine for information retrieval on the Internet

TLDR

Web content frequently contains geographic context, yet current search engines treat it the same as other content. This work designs, implements, and evaluates a spatially aware search engine that processes queries expressed as theme–spatial relationship–location triplets. The engine identifies geographic references, assigns footprints, stores them with document terms in an indexing structure for real‑time search, and ranks results by thematic and spatial relevance. A usability study shows users are satisfied with the spatial relationships, and normalized precision for 38 queries is significantly higher (p < 0.001) when spatial information is used versus pure text search.

Abstract

Much of the information stored on the web contains geographical context, but current search engines treat such context in the same way as all other content. In this paper we describe the design, implementation and evaluation of a spatially aware search engine which is capable of handling queries in the form of the triplet of ⟨theme⟩⟨spatial relationship⟩⟨location⟩. The process of identifying geographic references in documents and assigning appropriate footprints to documents, to be stored together with document terms in an appropriate indexing structure allowing real‐time search, is described. Methods allowing users to query and explore results which have been relevance‐ranked in terms of both thematic and spatial relevance have been implanted and a usability study indicates that users are happy with the range of spatial relationships available and intuitively understand how to use such a search engine. Normalised precision for 38 queries, containing four types of spatial relationships, is significantly higher (p<0.001) for searches exploiting spatial information than pure text search.