Clinical Profile, Contemporary Management and One-Year Mortality in Patients with Severe Acute Heart Failure Syndromes: The EFICA Study

Abstract

ADHF is a heterogeneous syndrome. Based on initial clinical presentation, three entities with distinct features and outcome may be described: cardiogenic shock, pulmonary oedema with hypertension, and 'decompensated' chronic heart failure. This should be taken into account in future observational studies, guidelines and clinical trials.